Vocabulary-Grammar

**//VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR//**

**Abroad:** (adv.) in or to a foreign country or countries // He's currently abroad on business. // // We always go abroad in the summer. //

**Ache:** (noun) a continuous pain which is unpleasant but not strong // As you get older, you have all sorts of aches and pains. // // I've got a dull (= slight )  ache in my lower back. //

 <span class="def parentof__def__is__sense_b">-used in combinations with parts of the body to mean a continuous pain in the stated part <span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp"> earache/headache/toothache/backache <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">//<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp"> I've had a stomach ache all morning. //

<span class="sense_b " style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> <span class="def parentof__def__is__sense_b">**Aim:** (noun) a result that your plans or actions are intended to achieve <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">//<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp"> My main aim in life is to be a good husband and father. //

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span class="sense_b "><span class="def parentof__def__is__sense_b">**Bargain:** (noun) something on sale at a lower price than its true value <span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp"> This coat was half-price - a real bargain. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">//<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp"> The airline regularly offers last-minute bookings at bargain prices. //

<span class="sense_b " style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span class="def parentof__def__is__sense_b">**Chalk:** (noun) a type of soft white rock, or (a stick of) this rock or a similar substance used for writing or drawing <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">//<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp"> The soil in this area is very chalky (= contains chalk ). //

<span class="sense_b after_bullet" style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span class="def parentof__def__is__sense_b">**Clerk:** (noun) a person who works in an office, dealing with records or performing general office duties <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">//<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp">A filing clerk. // <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">//<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp"> A junior office clerk. //

<span class="sense_b " style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span class="def parentof__def__is__sense_b">**Fond:** (noun) having a great liking for someone or something <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">//<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp">She was very fond of horses. // <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">//<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp">"I'm very fond of you, you know," he said. //

<span class="sense_b " style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span class="def parentof__def__is__sense_b">**Gap:** (noun) an empty space or opening in the middle of something or between two things <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">//<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp">The children squeezed through a gap in the wall. // <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">//<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp">She has a small gap between her front teeth. //

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span class="phraserec_h "> -gap in the market:   <span class="sense_b "><span class="def parentof__def__is__sense_b">an opportunity for a product or service that does not already exist <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">//<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp">There is a gap in the magazine market that needs to be filled. //

<span class="sense_b " style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span class="def parentof__def__is__sense_b">**Hinder:** (verb) to limit the ability of someone to do something, or to limit the development of something <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">//<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp">High winds have hindered firefighters in their efforts to put out the blaze. // <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">//<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp">Her progress certainly hasn't been hindered by her lack of experience. //

<span class="sense_b " style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span class="def parentof__def__is__sense_b">**Ink:** (noun) coloured liquid used for writing, printing and drawing <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">//<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp">A bottle of ink. // <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">//<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp">Blue/black/red ink. //



<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="color: #fff100; font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Verbs:** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">The most common prefixes used to form new verbs in academic English are: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">// re-, dis-, over-, un-, mis-, out- //. The most common suffixes are: // -ise, -en, -ate, -(i)fy //. By far the most common affix in academic English is // -ise //. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> e.g. prefix + verb verb <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">e.g. Suffix used to form verbs with the meaning "cause to be".
 * ~ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Prefix ||~ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Meaning ||~ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Examples ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">//re-// || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">again or back || <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">restructure, revisit, reappear, rebuild, refinance ||
 * ~ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Suffix ||~ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Example ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">//-ise// || <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">stabilise, characterise, symbolise, visualise, specialise ||

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> **Nouns:** The most common prefixes used to form new nouns in academic English are: // co- // and // sub- //. The most common suffixes are: // -tion, -ity //, // -er, -ness, -ism, -ment, -ant, -ship, -age, -ery //. By far the most common noun affix in academic English is // -tion. // <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> e.g. prefix + noun noun
 * ~ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Prefix ||~ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Meaning ||~ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Example ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">//anti-// || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">against || <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">anticlimax, antidote, antithesis ||

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">e.g. Suffix added to a verb (V), noun (N) or adjective (A) noun <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> //-sion// || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">action/instance of V-ing || <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">alteration, demonstration <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> expansion, inclusion, admission ||
 * ~ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Suffix ||~ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Meaning ||~ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Example ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">//-tion//

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Adjectives:** Many adjectives are formed from a base of a different class with a suffix (e.g. // -less, -ous //). Adjectives can also be formed from other adjectives, especially by the negative prefixes (// un-, in- and non- //). <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> The most common suffixes are // -al, -ent, -ive, -ous, -ful, -less. //

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">e.g. Suffix added to verbs or nouns adjective
 * ~ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Suffix ||~ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Example ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">//-al// || <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">central, political, national, optional, professional ||

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> e.g. negative + adjective adjective
 * ~ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Prefix ||~ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Examples ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">//un-// || <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">unfortunate, uncomfortable, unjust ||

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Mixed:**
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> e.g. base with both prefix and suffix <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> Adjectives: uncomfortable, unavoidable, unimaginative, inactive, semi-circular <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> Nouns: disappointment, misinformation, reformulation

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;"> **Word formation:** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> Formal written English uses nouns more than verbs. For example, judgement rather than judge, development rather than develop , admiration rather than admire.